Tuftsin diacetate, a tetrapeptide, is a macrophage/microglial activator. Tuftsin is a tetrapeptide, Thr-Lys-Pro-Arg, which resides in the Fc-domain of the heavy chain of immunoglobulin G. Tuftsin possesses a broad spectrum of activities related primarily to the immune system function and exerts on phagocytic cells, notably on macrophages.

Geranyl diphosphate (Geranyl pyrophosphate) is an isoprenoid, an intermediate in the synthesis of cannabinoids, and a substrate for the manufacture of volatile monoterpenes, which can be used by plants to acclimatize.

2-Ketoglutaric acid is a key molecule in the tricarboxylic acid cycleis also connected to glutamic acid and glutamine metabolisms through the transamination reactions.